Sunny Cottage Holidays (SCH) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bright Cottage Holidays (SCH) - Assignment Example House proprietors then again promote with SCH dependent on the brand picture of the operator, trust and solace levels they appreciate with the organization. The organization necessitates that showcasing and correspondence systems be utilized keeping the accompanying models in see. Momentary correspondence destinations †¢The target portion of SCH is in different phases of various leveled reactions. Correspondence methodology must be utilized to initially make and increment mindfulness about house occasions as opposed to general occasions and brand mindfulness on the SCH bundle. This must be done through alluring publicizing system, great media arranging and limited time works out. Separation among SCH and its rivals must be obviously indicated. †¢Next the office must concentrate on giving more data on SCH to the client. The ‘comprehension’ stage ought to permit advancement of site, direct mailers and so forth that gives data about the occasion bundles. †¢Endorsements by specialists or input photographs and remarks from fulfilled SCH clients are different devices that the organization can investigate to persuade clients. Conviction must be the third significant phase of the activity. †¢Desire to buy must be produced through a solid limited time blend that incorporates great exposure and compelling proposals for the objective portion. †¢Finally the battle must rouse clients without hesitation which can be estimated by number of calls/messages questioning about the bundles. Criticism structures and fortunate coupons are different alternatives. The market and rivalry The market for autonomous family occasions in bungalows is quickly developing, the same number of lean toward 'their space' as opposed to being a piece of a gathering. A developing 58% individuals lean toward the escape to the field for loosening up ends of the week and arranged excursions. The opposition can be delegated, Neighborhood authorities: Most bungalow operators are nearby pros who center around vacationers coming to explicit pieces of UK. For instance, the Wales cabin occasions office in Wales has a complete posting of occasion bungalows in all pieces of Wales. Its site and leaflet are its principle publicizing weapons store. Other such territory explicit cabin specialists incorporate Cumbria houses (the Lake locale), Classic Cottages (for Devon and Cornwall), Mann's Holidays (North West Wales), Nefyn Holidays (Lleyn Peninsula and Snowdonia National Park), Marsdens Cottage Holidays (North Devon) and Holiday Homes and Cottages (South West). Their primary medium is a hued pamphlet which is frequently sent to clients. General masters: A little portion of general experts offer occasions across UK. For instance, Recommended house occasions organization offers a scope of bungalows across UK. It has a hued handout that rundowns the different cabins and a site that permits clients to check accessibility and reserve a spot. Its principle target advertise is huge families and spotlights on family/corporate reunions. It advances itself as an affordable occasion supplier that offers a decent range. Other UK cabin occasion suppliers incorporate names of Hoseasons Holidays (settled and offers an incredible range) and Sykes houses. The objective market: clients Rather than deciding on mass showcasing, the organization must attempt target promoting and should frame at least one market fragments pertinent to purchasing conduct. The sub gatherings or specialty showcases inside its distinguished objective fragments can be recognized as under. Geographic and Demographic division: Customers are typically couples matured 25 onwards

Block Right Click Access to Context Menus on Web Pages

Square Right Click Access to Context Menus on Web Pages Web beginners regularly accept that by hindering their guests utilization of the mouse right-click setting menu that they can forestall the robbery of their website page content. Nothing could be further from reality. Debilitating right snaps is handily avoided by more insightful clients, and the capacity to get to a very remarkable website pages code itself is a fundamental component of internet browsers that doesnt require a correct snap by any stretch of the imagination. Downsides There are numerous approaches to sidestep the no correct snap content, and in all actuality the main impact that such a content has is to bother those of your guests who honestly utilize the right-click setting menu (as that menu is appropriately called) in their web route. Furthermore, the entirety of the contents that I have seen to do this lone square access to the setting menu from the correct mouse button. They dont consider the way that the menu is additionally available from the console. All anybody needs to do to get to the menu utilizing a 104 key console is to choose the item on the screen for which they need to get to the setting menu (for instance by left tapping on it) and afterward press the setting menu key on their console its the one quickly to one side of the privilege CTRL key on PC consoles. On a 101 key console, you can execute a right-click order by holding down the move key and squeezing F10. JavaScript In the event that you might want to cripple right-taps on your site page at any rate, heres an extremely basic JavaScript that you can use to hinder all entrance to the setting menu (from the correct mouse button as well as from the console too)- and truly pester your guests. This content is significantly more straightforward than the greater part of the ones that solitary square the mouse catch, and it works in about the same number of programs as those contents do. Heres the whole content for you: body oncontextmenureturn bogus; Including only that little bit of code to the body tag of your page is progressively successful at hindering your guests access to the setting menu than the some no-right-click contents that you can discover somewhere else on the web since it squares access from both the mouse button and from console choices depicted previously. Constraints Obviously, the content doesnt work in all internet browsers (e.g., Opera overlooks it-however then Opera disregards the entirety of the other no-right-click contents too). This content additionally never really keep your guests from getting to the page source utilizing the View Source choice from their program menu, or from sparing the website page and review the wellspring of the spared duplicate in their preferred proofreader. Lastly, however you may handicap access to the setting menu, that entrance can be effectively re-empowered by clients essentially by typingjavascript:void oncontextmenu(null) into the location bar of the program.

11 Forms of Word Patronage to Forgo

11 Forms of Word Patronage to Forgo 11 Forms of Word Patronage to Forgo 11 Forms of Word Patronage to Forgo By Mark Nichol Different examples of an inquisitive class of self-referential articulations frequently discover their way into spoken and composed talk. Such locutions in discourse are near inescapable, in light of the fact that unconstrained correspondence as often as possible requires verbal placeholders, and the speaker’s hesitance or self-respect requests self-prompted retreating or backslapping. Be that as it may, in both discourse and organization particularly in the last mentioned, on the grounds that the essayist has plentiful chance to discard them they point out undue the writer’s putative intelligence as well as mind and are normally worked and diverting. Bryan A. Collect, the senior member of American English utilization, calls such stating â€Å"word patronage†; rhetoricians allude to it as metanoia or correctio. I’ve never met one that didn’t disturb me, and I prompt revision: 1. So to speak This truncation of the subjunctive (approximated) â€Å"as in the event that it were so† apparently welcomes the peruser to take note of that a former articulation or articulation is increasingly pragmatic that exact for the unique circumstance, a defective allegory: â€Å"The rivalry among Starbucks and Peet’s is a whirlwind in an espresso mug, as it were.† But its actual and pointless capacity is to state, â€Å"There, wasn’t that clever?† 2. On the off chance that I May Say So Likewise rendered as â€Å"If I might be so bold,† this expression of remorse has such a smelly Victorian scent of counterfeit quietude that it is appropriate just from a jovial perspective: â€Å"If I might be so intense, your dog’s mandibular connection to my lower leg is counterproductive to my health.† 3. In the event that You Will This expression, a contraction of â€Å"If you will permit me to utilize the phrase,† is more harmless than its varieties â€Å"If you will exculpate my idiom so† and â€Å"If you will allow me to say,† which caution the beneficiary of a correspondence that what follows might be basic or provocative. â€Å"If you will,† on the other hand, simply requests that the peruser acknowledge a translation, however a contention should remain all alone, without such verbal bowing and scratching. 4. In a Manner of Speaking This practically inane articulation is expected as a statement of regret for how a thought or supposition is communicated: â€Å"Are you calling me crazy?† â€Å"In a way of talking, yes.† 5. It's implied This is a gentler method of saying, â€Å"It ought to be obvious,† as in â€Å"It abandons saying that the confidence in outsider kidnapping is a periphery belief.† If it's implied, at that point don’t state that it's implied. 6. Not to Put Too Fine a Point on It This extravagantly bombastic articulation is sent as a rule previously yet some of the time after one composes precisely what one methods, regardless of whether it might irritate a peruser. The author is, for this situation, doing the exact inverse putting a fine point, or hitting, the peruser with reality: â€Å"Not to put too fine a point on it, however your breath is toxic.† 7. Not to Mention Obviously, this expression quickly goes before something referenced despite the writer’s vow also it: â€Å"The flooding demolished the furnishings, also the floor.† It is maybe the most harmless passage on this rundown (I state so on the grounds that I use it some of the time), now and then supportive to underline that what follows is more noteworthy a point than a prior explanation, however consider, during amendment, regardless of whether your announcement can remain all alone without it. 8. As it were â€Å"So to speak† is an easier adaptation of â€Å"in a way of speaking,† however a few brains myself included enjoy its utilization after a unintentional (or a purposeful) play on words, to ensure the audience saw it and is properly entertained: â€Å"The pregnant lady was eager, so to speak.† recorded as a hard copy, be that as it may, it is charming and grinding. 9. To Coin a Phrase This expression is a statement of regret for utilizing a clichã ©, an endeavor by the author to guarantee that the peruser realizes the essayist is remorseful about letting a trite articulation free: â€Å"It’s like placing the fox responsible for the henhouse, to coin a phrase.† 10. To Say Nothing This is a milder minor departure from â€Å"not to mention† with a more grounded meaning that what’s going to be referenced is increasingly critical: â€Å"Her aroma irritated me, to avoid anything related to her manner.† 11. With All Due Respect This deferential expression of remorse serves to smooth the not-yet-caused some disruption somebody whose sense of self is going to be wounded: â€Å"With all due regard, I disagree.† The speaker or essayist is recognizing the unrivaled power as well as shrewdness, or different characteristics, of the audience or peruser. Rather than utilizing this prelude, be that as it may, either relax the blow or focus on striking it. In the event that you wind up composing any of these expressions, think of it as a sign to revise the entry. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Awoken or Awakened?10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Internal Controls on Purchase of Material

Question: Examine about theInternal Controls on Purchase of Material. Answer: Presentation Inward controls are intended to protect resources of the organization and guarantee solid money related announcing (Arwinge, 2012). Inward controls in the regions of deals, buy, fixed resources and stock are pivotal to guarantee achievement of the authoritative objectives. In the present case, interior controls in regard of load of Fruito, which is retail deals shop, have been dissected to discover chance factors and suggest checks and controls. The inward controls according to stock expect high significance in the association occupied with retail deals business on account of high volume developments (Arwinge, 2012). Recognizable proof of the Risk and its Impact The interior controls are put on internal and outward developments and record support of the stock in order to guarantee that stock is protected from abuse and robbery (Johnstone, Gramling, Rittenberg, 2015). In the buying procedure there a few hazard factors that the administration of Fruito should remember while planning appropriate controls. The main hazard identifies with approval of the buy exchange. The buy orders should be approved by a fitting position, for example, buy director or leader of the obtainment division. In the event that the acquisition of material made without appropriate approval, there would exude a danger of purchasing material from unapproved merchants at wrong costs and on terms which might be biased to the organization (Moeller, 2016). Further, without sufficient controls, there stays a danger of extreme/short buying of material. It is standard for the organizations occupied with the retails deals business to have estimations concerning every day request, gracefully, and cushion stock to be saved for crisis circumstances (Moeller, 2016). The organization needs to endorse the reorder levels for material so requests can be put at whatever point stock spans to the reorder level. Without this component, the organization will be presented to the danger of either missing the mark concerning material or pilling up stock as a result of purchasing in over the top amounts. In either circumstance, the organization should endure. In the event that the stock misses the mark, the organization won't have the option to satisfy out the need, which may influence the client base of the organization. Then again, if the organization purchases in overabundance, it will prompt additional cost trouble as stock taking care of and conveying costs (Moeller, 2016). Aside from the abovementioned, the controlling dangers comparable to record upkeep are likewise essential for the administration of Fruito to contemplate. Corresponding to acquisition of material, it is basic that dependable and applicable records are kept up archiving all the essential occasions in whole procedure of obtainment (Moeller, 2016). The nonattendance of satisfactory controls here would prompt control and adulteration of the book records. The workers of the organization plotting with untouchables may exploit frail controls in the record upkeep and abuse the advantages of the organization for individual increases. Frail controlling in record support may offer ascent to the danger of burglary of material (Moeller, 2016). Notwithstanding the above talked about dangers, there stays a danger of decrease in the operational productivity moreover. It is fundamental for each organization to have appropriately organized and sell characterized forms in each zone of tasks possibly it is material dealing with, obtainment, or conveyance. Absence of controls during the time spent material acquisition may prompt decay in the operational proficiency. Doing the procedures with indistinct advances and techniques consistently goes spontaneous prompting deferrals and deformities (Moeller, 2016). Suggestions for Internal Controls So as to counter the dangers because of feeble controls, the administration of Fruito is encouraged to initially characterize the procedures, for example, request putting, approval, and material keeping an eye on receipt. Further, each procedure ought to have a position, which will be responsible for slips or any sort of slip-ups simultaneously (Delaney Whittington, 2010). The approval procedure must be unblemished to guarantee that all the exchanges happen with the authorization of the approved individual. So as to counter the danger of buys from unapproved providers on wrong costs and biased terms, it is fundamental that the workers carefully hold fast to the approval procedure (Delaney Whittington, 2010). Further, the administration of Fruito is informed to set the amounts with respect to support/wellbeing stock, reorder level, least level, and most extreme level. The estimations in such manner got the chance to be exact in light of the fact that slip-ups would prompt money related misfortune to the organization. There must be mechanization in record support with the goal that administration could be made mindful at whatever point stock spans to reorder level (Delaney Whittington, 2010). Further, elevated level checks ought to be executed on the record support to guarantee that the exchanges are recoded legitimately and auspicious. The administration ought to guarantee that the material in emptied after legitimate physical tallying and check with the buy request details (Delaney Whittington, 2010). Notwithstanding the abovementioned, the administration ought to have inner evaluating capacity to check the book records and procedures in regard of material acquisition on sufficient interims (Delaney Whittington, 2010). The administration ought to guarantee appropriate isolation of obligations that is to state that faculty who are mindful to do physical include ought not partake in record upkeep. This will help in decreasing the chance of extortion through control of the book records. Further, there ought to be caused confirmation of the stock by the outsider at any rate once in a year to guarantee that organization holds in stock what was bought (Delaney Whittington, 2010). Outline More or less, it could be investigated that inward controls on material obtainment are significant and especially for the organization occupied with retail deals efficient Fruito. The significant dangers that could radiate because of powerless controls with respect to Fruito have been recognized as the danger of bogus accounting, unapproved acquisition of material, and extreme/short stock. So as to counter these dangers, the administration is instructed to initially take mechanization regarding the record support process and characterize the standard working methodology. Likewise, responsibility of the every work force ought to be fixed and physical checks of stock ought to be actualized. References Arwinge, O. 2012. Inward Control: A Study of Concept and Themes. Springer Science Business Media. Delaney, P.R. Whittington, O.R. 2010. Wiley CPA Exam Review 2011, Auditing and Attestation. John Wiley Sons. Johnstone, K., Gramling, A., Rittenberg, L.E. 2015. Examining: A Risk Based-Approach to Conducting a Quality Audit. Cengage Learning. Moeller, R.R. 2016. Edge's Modern Internal Auditing: A Common Body of Knowledge. John Wiley Sons.

Giving Is Living

Giving Is Living Contributing beyond ones self brings with it a sense of fulfillment that we cant get from buying things. Here are four examples of ways that we can contribute to others in a meaningful way: Scenario One: Seek Out  Give Try this: give $10 to the next guy you see standing on the street corner. But what if I dont have an extra $10? You do. Even if youre broke you have $10 you can give up. But what if he just uses my money to buy alcohol? He might. But what if youre wrong? What if he uses it to buy food to keep from starving? Instead of focusing on the worst that can happen, why not focus on the best that can happen? Better yet, dont give him the $10. Instead, use that $10 to take the  guy out to eat. Have a conversation with him. It might change his life. Or the feeling you get from it might change yours. Sometimes giving changes everything. Something is built into usâ€"hardwired at birthâ€"that makes us feel great when we are kind, when we are giving, when we contribute to others. Scenario Two: Donate Unused  Things How many coats do you need? How many pairs of jeans? What else do you have excess of in your life? Why not donate that stuff to someone who needs it more than you? You might recall, from a previous essay, that Joshua just donated the majority of his remaining clothes to Goodwill recently: And Ryan donated a ton of stuff during his  journey into minimalism, too. You can find the charity that is right for you at Donation Town (some charities will even come to your home to pick up your donation). Plus you can write off your donations  at tax time. Joshua Becker wrote about the details youll need for a tax write-off here. And Merlin Mann has an interesting concept for scheduling your donation day. Scenario Three: Donate Your Time Last Saturday, we spent our day donating our time. We helped rehab a house, alongside our friends at Habitat for Humanity, for a family in Dayton, Ohio. Not only did we get to help a family who needed help, but we  got to pick up some practical home-repair skills as a bonus. We also participate in other community events like soup kitchens, park clean-ups, volunteering at schools (tutoring, painting gyms, school maintenance), and any other way we can give back to the people in our community. The most valuable thing you can give someone is your time. How are you going to give your time to others? Heres a recommendation: schedule one day next month with some friends, family, and coworkers in which you give back to your community. Be generous, and have fun with itâ€"were certain  it will improve your life, as well as the lives of others. Scenario Four: Help People in the Moment While Ryan was in the checkout line at the grocery store recently there was a young couple standing in front of Ryan, holding their newborn baby. Ryan  noticed they contemplating which items to return the to shelves because they realized they didnt have enough money to purchase everything theyd brought to the register. The urge to contributeâ€"that same hardwired desire to help we all haveâ€"kicked in, and so Ryan purchased the items that they couldnt afford. Were not writing about these things because we want everyone to see how nice we are. Were writing about how we contribute because we want you to contribute, too. We want you to hear that voice inside you that tells you to do something kind or generous for someone else. We want you to take action. Sometimes that voice can be quiet and easy to ignore, so were simply  reminding you that its there. When Ryan got that you need to do something  feeling in the checkout line, he didnt overthinkâ€"he acted. You can do the same thing; you can condition yourself to take action. Take Action  Contribute If there is something in your life right now that youve been wavering on, a decision of should I or shouldnt I, just act on what you know is right. Act on that built-in voice. Youll feel great if you do. The other great thing about doing whats right isnt just the feeling you get, its also the payback youll get when you least expect it, when you need it. Colin Wright calls this paying it forward. And it works. More people must contribute.  Start today, start now. Were certain you can make a difference. If you find value in The Minimalists, consider donating a dollar.

Where PAs and Physician Associates Can Work Internationally

The contemporary physician assistant/associate (PA) movementbegan in North America and Africa in the mid-1960s. As of 2018, the adoption of PAs has spread globally across a variety of health systems and at least fifteen countries have been in various stages of expansion of PA-like medical workers (nonphysician clinicians) that function under the supervision of a doctor: CanadaPhysician Assistants United KingdomPhysician Associates The NetherlandsPhysician Assistants LiberiaPhysician Assistants IndiaPhysician Associates GhanaPA Medical (Medical Assistant) SouthAfricaClinical Associates AustraliaPhysician Assistants Saudi ArabiaAssistant Physicians GermanyPhysician Assistants New ZealandPhysician Associates AfghanistanPhysician Assistants IsraelPhysician Assistants BulgariaPhysician Assistants IrelandPhysician Associates This post examines countrieswhere advances are being made or the PA model is evolving. PAs in Canada Canadian PA Quick Facts: Name: Physician Assistant Can USPAs practice in Canada: Yes Canadian PA Salary: $115,090 (CAD) / yr and $55 (CAD)/ hr ($86,180/yr and $41/hr USD) Number of PA programs: 4 Number of PAs practicing in Canada: 500 Prescription rights: Yes.PAs cannot prescribe narcotics or controlled substances under any circumstance. Canadian Professional PA Association:CanadianAssociation of PhysicianAssistants (CAPA) Canadian PA certification exam: PA Cert Exam -The PA Cert Exam is 4 hours in duration and consists of 250 multiple choice questions (PA Cert Exam Blueprint) CanadianCertification Maintenance:Maintain certification by completion 40 credits annually and must also complete at least 25 credits in each section of the Maintenance of Certification Program before their cycle ends. CanadianPA Day: November 27'th U.S. PAs are eligible to take the Canadian Certification Exam, but Canadian-trained PAs, unfortunately, are not allowed to sit for the PANCE exam. The Canadian PA model began in the CanadianArmed forcesapproximately40 years ago during the Korean war and transitioned to the present PA concept in 1984. Itwas further revised in 2002. There are approximately 500 PAs practicing in Canada, roughly 300 of which are practicing in Ontario. There are three non-military university PA programs in Canada located at theUniversity of Manitobain Winnipeg, McMaster University in Ontario, andthe Consortium of PA Educationin Toronto. Alberta'sUniversity of Calgary has a program in development. The Canadian forces program is taughtat the Canadian Forces Health Services Training Centre Program All programs are 24 to 25 months in duration and deliver curricula that support the Canadian Association of Physician Assistants (CAPA) scope of practice statement and Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists (CanMEDS) PA competencies. Certification is administeredby the Physician Assistant Certification Council of Canada (PACCC)which established an independent national certificationexamination and registry. The first national exam was held in 2005. It is estimated that 38% of Canadian PA serve in primarycare settings, 13% in internal medicine, 18% in surgical practice, and 19% in emergency medicine. American certified Physician Assistants may work in Canada. They do not need to complete a PA school in Canada to practice. Once a PA graduate has completed an accredited PA program (In Canada or the United States), they may challenge the PA Entry to Certification Exam (which is overseen by PACCC). If they successfully pass they are designated CCPA, Canadian Certified Physician Assistant. American PAs who have successfully completed an accredited American Physician Assistant Program, and challenged and passed the NCCPAs Certification Exam can practice in Canada. PAs in The United Kingdom UK PA Quick Facts: Name: Physician Associate Can USPAs practice in the UK: Yes UK PA Salary: 33,222 ($43,000 US) and 49,969 ($64,000 US) Number of PA programs in the UK: 31 (see list) Number of PAs practicing in the UK: 350 practicing in both primary and secondary care and another 550 in training, with numbers in training predicted to rise. Do UK PAs have prescription rights: No UK Professional PA Association: Faculty of Physician Associates (FPA) of the Royal College of Physicians UK PA certification exam: Physician Associate National Certification and Recertification exam UK Certification Maintenance: In order to remain on the Physician Associate Managed Voluntary Register (PAMVR) physician associates have to sit the recertification examination every six years. Physician associates have three attempts to sit and pass the certification examination. UK PA Day:? The first PAs to work in the UK were Americans. In 2003 two Pas were recruited to primary care posts in economically distressedWes Midlands followed by 20 experienced PAs working in Scotland from 2006 - 2008. Despite more than a decade of scores of PAs working in the NHS, there is still no official recognition by the U.K. government or by the nongovernmental medical licensing bodies such as the General Medical Council. Until officially recognized, U.K. PAs are able to work under the supervision of a doctor but are unable to prescribe medicines or refer patients for an x-ray or CT scan. In practice, this means physician associates in the UK have to ask a GP colleague to sign a prescription or x-ray referral form on his or her behalf. There are about 300 PAs in the United Kingdom, including about 20 Americans. The United Kingdoms version is a two-part process, a 200-question multiple-choice examination and a 12-station Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). The Faculty of Physician Associates (FPA) runs the Physician Associate National Certification and Recertification exam. The certification exam is a 14 station OSCE and 200 single best answer (SBA) exam sat by students who have qualified from UK physician associate programs. They are then required to pass their National Certification exam before they can be declared fit to practice in the UK. Once they have passed their exam, providing they are a member of the FPA, they can then be registered on the Physician Associate Managed Voluntary Register (PAMVR). American PAs is that at present, PAs who are already currently NCCPA certified are able to apply to become a member of the Managed Voluntary Register (MVR) without first having to undergo the UK examination process. Resources: Physician Associate National Certification and Recertification exam The physician associate will see you now a new role to assist patients in primary care Faculty of Physician Associates (FPA) of the Royal College of Physicians Why We Really Need PAs in The UK: The British Physician Associate PAs in The Netherlands Netherland PA Quick Facts: Name: Physician Assistant Can USPAs practice in the Netherlands Yes Netherland PA Salary: 82.402 (EUR)/yr / 40 (EUR)/hr($106, 00 /yr and $51 /hr US) Number of PA programs: 5 Number of PAs practicing in the Netherlands: 1,000 + Prescription rights: Yes!PAs are enabled by law to practice medicine autonomously, albeit at all times in collaboration with a medical doctor Netherland Professional PA Association:Dutch Association of Physician Assistants (NAPA) Netherland PA certification exam: None - must complete eligiblePA program to be able to practice Netherland Certification Maintenance: minimum of 16 hours per working week and have followed CME totaling 200 hours (40 hours per year) in the last registration period of 5 years are considered for re-registration. Netherland PA Day: Coming soon The PA role was first introduced to the Netherlands in 2000 using extensive experience from the US. After a five-year experiment, the Dutch parliament and Dutch Senate agreed to give PAs and NPs full independence in diagnosing, initiating treatment and performing medical procedures. These medical tasks are mostly non-complex procedures that can be executed autonomously by an NP or PA; This also includes prescribing medication. There are now five Master of Physician Assistant (MPA programs) in the Netherlands University of Applied Sciences UtrechtMaster Physician Assistant Program(site is in Dutch) (site in English) RotterdamMaster Physician Assistant Program(site is in Dutch)(site in English) HAN University of Applied Sciences Arnhem/NijmegenMaster of Physician Assistant Program(site is in Dutch)(site in English) Hanze University of GroningenMaster of Physician Assistant Program(site is in Dutch)(site in English) Inholland University Graduate School,Master Physician Assistant(site is in Dutch)(site in English) The PA program in the Netherlands is a two-and-a-half-year Masters degree. After completing the program, they have a Master of Science (MSc) degree. The candidates need to have at least a bachelor's degree in a medical field, for example, nursing or physical therapy, to access the Master's program. They also need at least two years of experience in direct patient care. Furthermore, candidates must be fluent in both Dutch and English While students on campus (1 day per week) are learning the core knowledge and skills required for all PAs, each student simultaneously receives additional clinical expertise in a designated medical specialty by actually learning in that area the rest of the working week. Students are contracted through a training and employment contract with a minimum of 32 hours per working week. On top of this, students are expected to engage in self-study. As a result, PA students have both didactic (to acquire generic competencies, modeled of the medical curriculum) and clinical days (to acquire specialty competencies, analogous to that of training medical residents) interspersed throughout the duration of their training. Fully qualified PAs are known as MPAs. Dutch PAs work across all areas of medicine, including general practice, and because of their unique approach to their training, they are found in subspecialty areas in greater numbers than PAs elsewhere. At the time of graduation, PAs can voluntary enroll in NAPAs Quality Register. The Quality Register contributes to ensuring the quality of professional practice by keeping track of developments in the profession (i.e., by means of continuing medical education [CME]). Being enlisted into the Quality Register indicates the PA to be a graduate of a Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organizationaccredited MPA program and is clinically active at the time of registration. The registration period covers a term of 5 years after which a re-registration is required. Only those who have been practicing as PAs with a minimum of 16 hours per working week and have followed CME totaling 200 hours (40 hours per year) in the last registration period of 5 years are considered for re-registration. Resources: Annual Overview NAPA in 2017 Netherland Association of Physician Assistants PAs in the Netherlands: The Dutch Physician Assistant PAs in Liberia Liberia PA Quick Facts: Name: Physician Assistant Can US PAs practice in Liberia: Yes Liberia PA Salary:? Number of PA programs: 1 Number of PAs practicing in Liberia: ~1000+ Prescription rights: Yes!PAs in Liberia are allowed to do all medical activities with the exception of surgery Liberia Professional PA Association:Liberia national Physician Assistant Association (LINPAA) Liberia PA certification exam:State Board Exams administered by thePhysician Assistant Association Board ofExaminers and licensure Liberia Certification Maintenance:? Liberia PA Day: Let's go Liberia! Physician assistant training in Liberia started in the 1960s with the first batch of PAs graduating from 1966-1970 PA graduates in Liberia train for three years in both theoretical and clinical activities and are allowed to perform all medical activities with the exception of surgery. Physician Assistant programs must be fully accredited by the Liberia national Physician Assistant Association (LINPAA) and theLiberia medical dental Association Board (LMDA). To legally practice medicine as a physician assistant in Liberia, the PA must pass the State Board Exams administered by the Physician Assistant Association Board of Examiners licensure PA programs in Liberia: The first program was at the Tubman National Institute of the Medical Arts starts at the John F. Kennedy Memorial Hospital in Monrovia A second program (Baptist Missionary PA Program) has recently started with one graduated group Cuttington University is starting a third program in Suakoko The Mother Pattern College of Health started a Bachelor's Degree program for PAs since 2012 and the first batch of BSC PAs should have graduated August of this year but due to the Ebola outbreak, it is suspended. The program is expected to continue. Resources: Liberia- where physician assistants are vital in the care of the country New PA Graduate working in Liberia Liberia medical dental Trials and Tribulations of the Liberian Physician Assistant PAs in India India PA Quick Facts Name: Physician Associate Can USPAs practice in India; Yes India PA Salary: 15,794.09 (INR)/ month / 189,528(INR)/yr ($200 / month and 2,623.07 / yr USD) Number of PA programs: 47 Number of PAs practicing in Indian: 1,100 + Prescription rights: Yes but limited that is in specified areas and under specified conditions India Professional PA Association: Indian Association of Physician Assistants (IAPA) India PA certification exam: Developing India Certification Maintenance: Developing India PA Day: No Physician assistants came on board in India in 1992 under the supervision of United Stats trained cardiac surgeon Dr.K.M Cherian who graduated the first PAs under the auspices of the Madras Medical Mission, Chennai. Today, 47 PA programs exist in India with collaboration from ten universities. The vast majority of these (46 programs) are located in southern India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu) The Indian programs are hosted by training institutes and facilitated by affiliated universities granting the degrees. Having prior health care experience as a nurse orother allied health profession is mandatory on all Indian PA school candidates. Programs range in length from 2 to 4 years. They also vary from baccalaureate to postgraduate diploma (as per the U.K. approach). Masters degree level programs were in existence in the earlier days but were downgraded because there were few applicants. There is still no formal accreditation process for PA programs in India but under the purview of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the National Initiative for Allied Health Sciences (NIAHS) task force has been primarily created to bring in regulation in the education and practice of all allied health care programs with a long-term vision of creating a governance council. In addition, a PA task force was initiated in 2015 with the purpose of defining and establishing a nationally standardized curriculum. The result is the Model Curriculum HandbookPhysician Associate, which is currently in the final stage of development and will soon be presented to the government. India now has over 300 PA graduates in India, employed in various hospitals across the world. Resources: Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare National Initiative for Allied Health Sciences (NIAHS) Indian Association of Physician Assistants (IAPA) Model Curriculum HandbookPhysician Associate PAs in Ghana Ghana PA Quick Facts: Name: Medical Assistant Can USPAs practice in Ghana:? Ghana PA Salary: 1800 Ghana Cedis/month ($362 USD / month) Number of PA programs: 7 Number of PAs practicing in Ghana:2000+ Prescription rights Ghana: Yes, but according to rules established by GHS, PAs are not allowed to administer certain first-line medications, as this responsibility is reserved for physicians. Ghana Professional PA Association: TheGhana Physician AssistantsAssociation [GPAA] Ghana PA certification exam: Licentiate Examination Ghana Certification Maintenance: Developing Ghana PA Day: no In Ghana, physician assistant (PA) refers to three distinct groups of healthcare professionals trained in the medical model to practice medicine and dentistry: PAMedical, also known as medical assistants PADental, also known as community oral health officers PAAnesthesia, also known as nurse anesthetists The physician assistant profession started in 1969 in Ghana at the Kintampo Rural Health Training School now known as the College of Health and Well-Being. Initially, the program was designed for nurses as an advanced study lasting 18 months. Enrollment was open for nurses who had at least three years of work experience. Because of increasing demand for MAs, the program was redesigned in 2007, also enabling high school graduates and other health workers to enter MA training, parallel to the existing program. This new direct admission program is a 4-year curriculum which includes intensive clinical internships in the last year.Seven schools now train PAs in Ghana, and seven schools are applying for accreditation to start programs. The first two inaugural bachelor PA programs were started atCape Coast University and Central University College. Universities in Ghana offer a PA program often referred to as a B.Sc. Physician Assistantship. After graduation, PAs can obtain a license to practice through the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana, designated by the Ministry of Health as the regulatory body to regulate PA training and practice in Ghana. To get licensed, PAs have to sit for the Licentiate Examination. One will only be allowed to work as a physician assistant if they have the following qualifications: If they have completed their study as a Physician Assistant and graduated from a recognized institution. They have passed the Licentiate Examination If after their studies, they have been registered by the Medical and Dental Council. This body has been tasked to set the standards of medical practitioners in Ghana. The PAs Medical are predominantly stationed in primary care settings, with the majority serving communities in the rural and remote parts of Ghana. Initially, PAs in Ghana were predominately male, but now women make up 50% of the Ghana PA workforce. Ghana has only 3,500 physicians and dentists, and 2,500 Medical Assistants (MAs) (PA analog) for the care of its 24.2 million people. Because of this,PAs are referred to as the bedrock of primary healthcare in Ghana as they serve the primary care needs of 70% of the population seeing on average 90 - 150 patients per working day!. Resources: Medical and Dental Council of Ghana The Medical System in Ghana: Key Roles for Physician Assistants College of Health and Well-Being PAs in SouthAfrica South Africa Clin-A Quick Facts: Name: Clinical Associate Can US PAs practice in South Africa? Yes South Africa Clin-A Salary: 69 (US$4.53)/hour, R122,084 (US$ 9,416)/Year Number of Clin-A programs: 3 Number of Clin-As practicing in South Africa: 920 Prescription rights in South Africa: Yes South Africa Professional Clin-A Association: The Professional Association of Clinical Associates in South Africa (PACASA) South Africa Clin-A certification exam: Not required South Africa Certification Maintenance: Unknown South Africa Clin-A Day: not yet In South Africa, physician assistants are referred to as clinical Associates and are equivalent to PAs. Clinical Associates were established by The National Department of Health in South Africa in 2002 when there was a need for so-called mid level medical workers thus a group of healthcare providers was invited to work with them in developing the program of study. They trained to provide emergency care, conduct rounds, carry out and assist with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and offer holistic care to patients with a range of common acute and chronic conditions. The first 23 students began the program in 2008 and entered the profession in 2011 after graduation and, as of 2017, there were 920 graduates, primarily in hospital settings in all nine provinces of South Africa. Programs at Johannesburgs University of the Witwatersrand, the University of Pretoria, and Walter Sisulu University in the Eastern Cape Province are all are offered in partnership with national and provincial departments of health, as well as the South Africa Military Health Service (SAMHS). All Clinical Associate programs follow a 3-year curriculum, which is competency-based and delivered in a variety of formats.The curriculum adopted for training associates was set up jointly by the national bodies, based on the conditions and normal activities carried out in district hospitals. This leads to a bachelor of clinical medical practice degree. Qualified CAs are registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa. Almost all the graduates are offered jobs in several district hospitals in the country, mainly in rural areas, with a few in urban areas. The Professional Association of Clinical Associates in South Africa (PACASA) was founded in 2012. The board provides guidance on the cases that are to be handled by the Clinical Associates, requirements for professional progression and licensing issues. Resources: Make a Difference Train the Next Generation of PAs in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Clinical Associates Mentor South Africa Military Health Service (SAMHS). PAs in Australia Australia PA Quick Facts: Name: Physician Assistant Can USPAs practice in Australia: Yes, most especially the South Australia Australia PA Salary: AU$43.27 (US$32.87)/hour and AU$167,101/month, AU$90,000 (US$ 68,363)/annum Number of PA programs: 1 Number of PAs practicing in Australia:? Prescription rights Australia: Physician Associates are not allowed to prescribe drugs Australia Professional PA Association: The Australian Society of Physician Assistants (ASPA) Australia PA certification exam: None Australia Certification Maintenance: None Australia PA Day: No Compared to the United States, the Australian healthcare system has a unique structure. Based on extensive evaluations and benchmark measures, it functions remarkably well. So the need for physician assistants in Australian health care has been debated. The first physician assistant program started at the University Of Queensland (UQ) in Brisbane in 2009. The 2-year masters degree program graduated two cohorts totaling 34 students before it closed in 2012. The reasons for closure included a lack of support from the institution and competing priorities within the School of Medicine. Queensland is the only state that has allowed physician assistants to work in the public health system. There is now a single educational program at James Cook University (JCU) College of Medicine Dentistry in Townsville, Queenslandoffering a 3-year bachelor of health science (PA) degree. JCU has two active cohorts totaling 15 students. An additional cohort of 18 students started the course in February 2016. The JCU course is a fully integrated component of the College of Medicine Dentistry. PA graduates work in underserved populations; in particular, rural, remote, tropical, and indigenous Australia. Diverse segments of the medical profession have been advocates for the development of PA programs in Australia. These include: The Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine (ACRRM) The Rural Doctors Association of Australia (RDAA) has endorsed the ACRRM policy The Grattan Institute The Australian Society of Physician Assistants (ASPA) started in 2010 and is now the official representative professional body of Australian PAs. Resources Closure of the Physician Assistant Program at The University of Queensland The Australian Society of Physician Assistants (ASPA) Physician Assistants in Australia: the solution to workforce woes PAs in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Kingdom of Saudi Arabia PA Quick Facts: Name: Assistant Physician Can USPAs practice in Saudi Arabia: ? Saudi Arabia PA Salary: SAR 132,000/year Number of PA programs: ? Number of PAs practicing in Saudi Arabia: Prescription rights Saudi Arabia: Yes, but not in all situations Saudi Arabia Professional PA Association: NONE Saudi Arabia PA certification exam:ComprehensiveCertifying Examination Saudi Arabia Certification Maintenance: - Saudi Arabia PA Day: No The first PA program in the Middle East, offered by the Medical Services Directorate of the Ministry of Defense and Aviation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, was launched in September 2010 at the Prince Sultan Military College of Health Professions in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The program was established with aid from George Washington University Medical Faculty and Associates. The government has now created a keen interest in developing the growth of this profession to address the growing need for primary care providers in the Kingdom. Physician Assistants (PA) in Saudi Arabia are trained at the Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences AlDhahran. The program is 28-month long with didactic and clinical training; it started with 46 students and grants a master's degree in applied health science. With collaboration with the Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences and the George Washington University Medical Faculty Associates in the Department of Emergency Medicine, 40 PAs are trained per year. The first set of students graduated in 2013, Saudi PAs will be known as assistant physicians (APs) because of an issue with how the original PA title is translated into Arabic A graduate PA works as a military medical officer (first lieutenant) in the Ministry of Defense's medical service division after completing a 6-month internship in emergency medicine under physician supervision Upon successful completion of the program, graduates qualify to sit for a comprehensive examination, which includes an objective structured clinical examination and an oral examination. Currently, the Ministry of Health Specialist (licensing body) and the Ministry of Higher Education (accrediting) do not recognize PAs formally. Resources Physician assistants in Saudi Arabia Physician Assistants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia PAs in Germany German PA Quick Facts: Name: Physician Assistant Can USPAs practice in Germany:? Germany PA Salary: 3,600 EUR per month ($4,076 / month US) Number of PA programs:7 Number of PAs practicing in Germany:100+ Prescription rights in Germany: No prescription right Germany Professional PA Association: None Germany PA certification exam: Yes, state certification permits Germany Certification Maintenance: None Germany PA Day: None The first physician assistant (PA) program in Germany opened its doors at Steinbeis University Berlin (SUB)in 2005. The university is a private German university, which was established in 1998, based in Berlin but also has institutions in Baden-Wrttemberg. PA programs in Germany are offered through universities of applied science and offer a bachelor's degree. There are currently eight universities in Germany that offer this type of education and professional development. The duration of each program is 36 months. Physician Assistant Programs in Germany: Steinbeis University Berlin (SUB) Praxis Hochschule University of Applied Sciences Baden-Wuerttemberg Collaborative State University University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Fresenius University of Applied Sciences in Frankfurt am Main State Academy Plauen Fresenius University of Applied Sciences offered in Munich Physician Assistant salaries in Germany range between 1,800 EUR per month (minimum salary) to 5,400 EUR per month (maximum salary), strictly based on experience, skills, gender, or location. Currently, German PAs have a relatively limited scope of practice, requiring direct supervision by the attending medical doctor. Germanys medical hierarchy has been generally reluctant to entrust any significant aspects of medical practice to non-physicians. Despite this barrier, the German PA profession is steadily growing because of access and efficiency pressures within the medical system. The nationwide recognition of the PA as a profession will not be complete until all the 16 states in Germany signed on. Resources: Physician Assistant - a profession with perspective The Society of European Physician Assistants PAs in New Zealand New Zealand PA Quick Facts Name: Physician Associate Can USPAs practice in New Zealand: Yes New Zealand PA Salary: NZ $67/hr and Average of NZ $140,061/yr ($46 USD/hr and $96,000 USD/yr) Number of PA programs: None Number of PAs practicing in New Zealand: 6 Prescription rights New Zealand: No, physician assistants can't prescribe New Zealand Professional PA Association: New Zealand Physician Associate Society (NZPAS) New Zealand PA certification exam: Developing New Zealand Certification Maintenance: Developing New Zealand PA Day: None Interest in using PAs in New Zealand began in 2000with the firstpilotstudy on PAs and the adoption of their roles in New Zealand taking place in 2010. These pilot studies were carried out by four District Health Boards in the Northern Region of New Zealand with collaboration with The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences namely: Auckland District Health Board (ADHB) Counties Manual District Health Board (CMDHB) Waitemata District Health Board (WDHB) Northland District Health Board (NDHB) Two US-trained PAs by CMDHB worked for twelve months, beginning in 2010. The result of their work and commitment to patient care lead to the birth of the New Zealand PA Pilot Project which began in late 2012. The second project recruited seven U.S.-trained PAs for a two-year commitment from 2013 to 2015. In 2014, there were six physician assistants working in family practice settings on the North Island, four in the Hamilton area, and two in Tokoroa (rural area). As of 2019, there are six US-trained PAs working in New Zealand. Limitations No prescription rights No full approval as a profession by the New Zealand Ministry of Health Resources: Physician Associate/Assistant Friend or Foe New Zealand Physician Associate Society (NZPAS) PAs in Afghanistan Afghanistan PA Quick Facts Name: Physician Assistant Can USPAs practice in Afghanistan: No Afghanistan PA Salary: Not reported Number of PA programs: 1 Number of PAs practicing in Afghanistan: 65+ Prescription rights Afghanistan: No prescription rights Afghanistan Professional PA Association: None Afghanistan PA certification exam: Developing Afghanistan Certification Maintenance: None Afghanistan PA Day: None Physician Assistants are a new concept in Afghanistan. Afghanistan has one of the most under-resourced health systems in the world. In an urgent effort to increase the overall size of the health workforce in the country a NATO training mission in Afghanistan developed and launched a PA course in 2010. The primary goal of this program is to increase the overall number of practicing clinicians and to graduate PAs that will be ready to face the challenges of providing medical care in a war zone. In correlation with the U.S and Canadian military medical course, the Afghan PA program located at the National Military Hospital compound in Kabul offers a 12-month academic curriculum and a month-long pharmacology course. In addition, there is a 16-week clinical phase, which includes training in emergency medicine and trauma. The program has both male and female students and 65 PAs are expected to graduate per cohort. Females PAs work at the district military hospitals while male PAs will provide care in active military combat units. The Afghanistan PA profession currently only exists as part of the military system but plans are underway to expand it into the civilian medical system as well. Afghan PA programs National Military Hospital compound in Kabul Resources: National Military Hospital compound in Kabul PAs in Israel Israel PA Quick Facts: Name: Physician Assistant Can USPAs practice in Israel: Yes Israel PA Salary: 139(ILS)/hr /288,644(ILS)/yr Number of PA programs:1 Number of PAs practicing in Israel:50+ Prescription rights Israel: Yes, they have prescribing rights though not in all cases Israel Professional PA Association: Ministry of Health (MOH) Israel PA certification exam: Normal Training course Israel Certification Maintenance: None Israel PA Day: None The development of physician assistants in Israel arose from the need for increased access to emergency medicine, surgery, internal medicine, and pathology. Overcrowding of hospitals and the urgent demand for services have resulted in strong support of the PA role in Israel. Thefirst program for Israeli PAs began in 2016at Tel Hashomer Sheba Medical Center with 35 students,mostly experienced paramedics who also hold a bachelors degree. The program is run by the Ministry of HealthTraining and Development Department and is focused on emergency medicine (approximately nine months) with a mix of didactic and clinical training at their respective site of employment. The courses in anesthesiology and pathology are still under development. In order to be licensed as an Israeli PA, all applicants are required to complete a MOH-approved training program. The following professionals are eligible to apply to the Israeli PA course in Emergency Medicine: Israeli-trained paramedics Certified PAs from other countries MDs, whose degrees have been approved to take the licensing exam by the Israeli Ministry of Health. The first class of urgent care physician assistants graduated in July 2017 with a total number of 31 students now working in urgent care centers all over Israel. Resources: Physician Assistants in Israel Israel Ministry of Health Physician Assistant Information PAs in Bulgaria Bulgaria PA Quick Facts: Name: (PQ)Physician Assistant Can USPAs practice in Bulgaria: Yes Bulgaria PA Salary: 14 . (BGN)/hr and 28261 .(BGN)/yr($8.17 and $16,482 US) Number of PA programs: 1 Number of PAs practicing in Bulgaria: 30 + Prescription rights Bulgaria: None Bulgaria Professional PA Association: Developing Bulgaria PA certification exam:Developing Bulgaria Certification Maintenance: Developing Bulgaria PA Day:Developing The physician assistant (PA) profession was established in Bulgaria in 2014 before the existence of PAs in Bulgaria feldschers provided a similar role from 1878 to 1999 but feldscher training was later discontinued in 1999 because of a physician surplus. In 2014 the first two formal university-based, four-year bachelors level PA training programs were based on the American PA curriculum. Since January 2016, PAs are now included in the register of regulated professions. PA programs in Bulgaria: Trakia University Stara Zagora Resources: Physician assistant students at Trakia University talk about their choice of specialty From feldschers to physician assistants in Bulgaria Bulgaria health system review The EU register of regulated professions PAs in Ireland Republic of Ireland PA Quick Facts: Name: Physician Associate Can USPAs practice in Ireland: Yes Ireland PA Salary: 36(EUR)/hr and75,148(EUR)/yr ($41 US /hr and $85,702 /yr) Number of PA programs:one Number of PAs practicing in Ireland: 25+ Prescription rights Ireland: No prescription rights Ireland Professional PA Association: Irish Association of Healthcare Assistants(IAHA) Ireland PA certification exam: Developing Ireland PA Certification Maintenance: None Ireland PA Day: None The PA profession in Ireland began when the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland carried out a two-year pilot project in 2015 recruiting four PAs from North America, three from Canada and one American PA in surgical subspecialties in Dublin. Although still at the embryologic stage of the profession the first program started in 2016 with a class of seven and the second class in 2017 with fourteen students. The first cohort of six graduates is pioneering the profession in Ireland. With the goal of achieving improved service delivery and better continuity of care, the first Irish PA training program offers a 24-month Master of Science in Physician Associate Studies degree. By the autumn of 2016, the Irish Society of Physician Associates was established. Drivers for exploring the PA role in the Irish hospital setting included the clinical teams over-dependence on non-training doctors compared to international norms. PA programs in Ireland: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Resources: Diving into the Unknown: Becoming PAs in Ireland First Irish-Trained PAs Graduate from RCSI Hiring doctors assistants will lead to further demoralization of a very unhappy workforce Introducing Physician Assistants into the IrishHealthcare System. An Integrated Clinical Workforce Reconfiguration Strategy The Future of International PAs The introduction of PAs into health systems occurs because their education is less expensive and time-intensive than physicians. In addition, graduates are more likely to occupy roles where there is a scarcity of doctors such as in rural and underserved areas. In most instances, a physician-dependent role permits their introduction into health systems in a non-threatening manner to doctors and their practices. The utilization of PAs, particularly in primary healthcare roles, increases access to services, is cost-beneficial, and shows a physician-equivalent quality of care. Conclusion: The PA has been a remarkable health workforce policy development that has spread among countries health systems and is likely to continue! Articles and books worth reading Determinants of the physician assistant/associate concept in global health systems International PA Timeline - Physician Assistant History Society Physician Assistant - A Guide to Clinical Practice Download the Infographic: Countries Where Physician Assistants Can Work Around the World Share this Image On Your Site /pbr /br /br / pstrongPlease include attribution to www.thepalife.com with this graphic./strong/pbr /br /br / pa href='https://www.thepalife.com/infographic-countries-where-physician-assistants-work/'img src='https://www.thepalife.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Infographic-Where-Physician-Assistants-PAs-and-Physician-Associates-Can-Work-Internationally-Global-PAs-Work-In-Countries-Around-The-World-1.gif' alt='Where PAs and Physician Associates Can Work Internationally ' 540px border='0' //a/pbr /br /br / p You may also like -Physician Assistant vs. Nurse Practitioner vs. Medical DoctorMedical Profession Comparison Chart: Medical Assistant vs. Nurse vs. Nurse Practitioner vs. Physician Assistant vs. Family Practice Physician (updated March 2017) *Programs vary and the following represents averages for each []Infographic: Countries Where Physician Assistants WorkInternational Physician Assistants (PAs), Physician Associates, and Advanced Care Providers Infographic demonstrating the internationaldevelopment of the physician assistant profession. A graphical comparison of the countries where PAs []Physician Assistant Stats, Data, and DemographicsPhysician Assistant Facts and Figures Physician assistant demographics have changed a lot over the years. From just four practicing physician assistants in the year 1967 to roughly 115,547 practicing PAs in 2018. That's a big []

Prohibition and the Rise of Organized Crime - 4837 Words

Prohibition and the Rise of Organized Crime Peter H. Mitchell Neumann University Thesis: Although prohibitions goal was to increase a sense of integrity in the United States, it encouraged normally law-abiding citizens to break the law, enabled the growth and influence of organized crime, and increased levels of corruption in government and law-enforcement. Outline: I. Introduction A. Definition of Prohibition B. Eighteenth Amendment C. Medicinal Use D. Sacramental Use II. Affects of Prohibition A. Wine Consumption B. Winery Survival C. Volstead Act III. Crime and Corruption A. Bootlegging B. Smuggling C. Speakeasies IV. Al Capone A. Chicago Mob B. St Valentine’s Day Massacre†¦show more content†¦The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the congress (18th Amendment, Prohibition). While it was illegal to manufacture or distribute beer, wine, or other intoxicating malt or vinous liquors it was not illegal to possess it for medicinal or sacramental use. The provision allowed Americans to possess alcohol in their homes and partake with family and guests as long as it stayed inside and was not distributed, traded or even given away to anyone outside the home. Another interesting provision to prohibition was that alcohol was available via a physician’s prescription. For centuries liquor had been used for medicinal purposes, in fact many of the liquors we know today were first de veloped as miracle cures for various ailments. Liquor and wine licensed for â€Å"medicinal purposes† often wound up in the hands and stomachs of healthy citizens. Because of this established belief that liquor could cure and prevent a variety of ailments, doctors were still able to prescribe liquor to patients on a specially designed government prescription form that could beShow MoreRelatedAmeric The Rise Of Organized Crime873 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Wilson Writing Composition 2 3/21/16 America: The Rise of Organized Crime The United States of America is no stranger to corruption and extortion. Gang violence, the mafia, murder for pay and the marijuana industry in un-legalized states are a few examples of organized crime that happen in current day America. There are many different forms and types of organized crime today but where did they arise from? 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In the novel, the main character, Jay Gatsby, is a successful man who has participated in shady businesses to get what he wants. In, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald portrays the corruption of American society using Prohibition and how it brought about the rise of organized crime in the 1920s. FirstRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 Pagesin the United States due to his involvement in violence due to the illegalization of the distribution and consumption of alcohol, the Prohibition Act. Most of Capone’s profits came from his disobedience to the act which was successful due to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. 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The Islam Faiths Views on Life Support and Euthanasia

Islam teaches that the control of life and death is in Allahs hands, and cannot be manipulated by human beings. Life itself is sacred, and it is therefore forbidden to end life deliberately, either through homicide or suicide. To do so would be to reject  faith in Allahs divine decree. Allah determines  how long each person will live. The Quran says: Nor kill (or destroy) yourselves: for verily Allah hath been to you Most Merciful! (Quran 4:29) ...if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. (Quran 5:23) ...take not life, which Allah has  made sacred, except by way of justice and law. Thus He does command you, that you  may learn wisdom. (Quran  6:151) Medical Intervention Muslims do believe in medical treatment. In fact, many scholars consider it  mandatory in Islam to seek medical help for illness, according to two sayings of the Prophet Muhammad: Seek treatment, believers of Allah, for Allah has made a cure to every illness.   and Your body has a right over  you. Muslims are encouraged to search the natural world for remedies  and use scientific knowledge to develop new medicines.  However, when a patient has reached the terminal stage (when  treatment holds no promise of a cure) it is not required to sustain excessive life-saving remedies.   Life Support When it is clear that there is no treatment left available to cure a terminal  patient, Islam advises only the continuation of basic  care such as food and drink.  It is not considered homicide to withdraw other  treatments in order to allow the patient to die naturally. If a patient is declared brain-dead by doctors, including situations in which there is no activity in the brain stem, the patient is considered dead and no artificial  support functions need to be provided. Ceasing such care is not considered homicide if the patient is already clinically dead. Euthanasia All Islamic scholars, in all schools of Islamic jurisprudence,  regard active euthanasia as forbidden (haram). Allah determines the timing of death, and we should not seek or attempt to hasten it. Euthanasia is meant to relieve the  pain and suffering of a terminally-ill patient. But as Muslims, we are never to fall into despair about Allahs mercy and wisdom.  The Prophet Muhammad once told this story: Among the nations before you there was a man who got wounded, and growing impatient (with pain), he took a knife and cut his hand with it. The blood did not stop until he died. Allah (Exalted be He) said, My slave hastened to bring about his demise; I have forbidden Paradise to him (Bukhari and Muslim). Patience When a person is suffering from unbearable  pain, a Muslim is advised to remember that Allah tests us with pain and suffering in this life, and we must patiently persevere. The Prophet Muhammad advised us to make this dua  on such occasions: Oh Allah, make me live as long as life is better for me, and make me die if death is better for me (Bukhari and Muslim). Wishing for death simply to alleviate suffering is against the teachings of Islam, as it challenges Allahs wisdom and we must be patient with what Allah has written for us. The Quran says: ...bear with patient constancy whatever befalls you (Quran 31:17). ...those who patiently persevere will truly receive a reward without measure! (Quran  39:10). That said, Muslims are advised to comfort those who are suffering and  make use of palliative care.

The Second Amendment and Gun Violence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1119 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Gun Violence Essay Second Amendment Essay Did you like this example? What does a gun sound like? You should ask the thousands of people that die every year from gun violence. People die every year due to gun violence, death rates have gone up since 1984, when the first deadliest shooting occurred 21 were killed and 19 were injured. Gun violence has an immense impact on America. Gun violence leads to homicides, suicides and accidental shootings. Guns have always had an impact on us ever since the 21st century. Gun violence is a leading issue in the United States, 43,723 incidents have happened since the beginning of 2018. This includes mass shootings, accidental shootings, self defense, suicides and more. 2,664 of these were children 17 or under either killed or injured. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Second Amendment and Gun Violence" essay for you Create order Gun control would help reduce these numbers if they enforced them. The government should enforce gun control on guns because guns are a threat in many ways. It contributes to gun violence like homicide, suicide, mass shootings and more. Federal prosecution has increased since 1993, new laws are needed to help keep gun control from spiraling. If there were more gun control laws that would reduce gun violence, making death rates drop dramatically there would be no violence. If there is more gun control kids would be safer in schools and public places. If there was better gun control less school shootings would happen, drive bys would decrease, and their lives would be spared. School shootings have spiraled since the 19th century. The first ever school shooting was on November 12th, 1840 in Charlottesville Virginia at the University of Virginia. A former student John Anthony Gardner Davis was fatally shot by Joseph Semmes, and later died. Millions of kids newborn to 17 years old have died due to accidental shootings since the 19th century and the numbers are increasing due to the fact that most families still own guns. The Center to Prevent Handgun Violence has proven that 50 percent of families keep loaded guns in the household. Guns in a household can contribute to domestic violence with a gun in the house the odds of homicide increases 5 times. Within one month at least 50 woman where shot or injured by their partner. Women who are in a domestic relationship are often threatened by a gun to control their lives and to make sure they do not leave, even if they would never pull the trigger. For example, Marissa Alexander was sentenced to 20 years in prison for firing a warning shot at her husband after he threatened to kill her. Alexander had fired warning shots because of Floridas stand-your-ground law, A law that allows people to defend themselves with force when their life is in danger. She believed if she fired a warning shot this law would protect her from her abusive husband, however at the time warning shots were not part of this law nor legal. The stress of domestic violence that the woman go through cost us economically. Guns have affected the economy in various ways making taxpayers suffer when there is an accident or purchase of a gun. Without Medicaid orMedicare, most people would go bankrupt for their own health. The total cost of gun violence is 229 billion dollars and Medicare cost a total of 251 billion. Thats 700 dollars for each taxpayer a year, paying for the bills of each incident, suicide, homicide, and the medical cost. Some people, however, may disagree with the argument that guns should be less controlled. They believe guns should be less controlled and used more often to help citizens protect themselves from the dangers of the world. Guns dont kill people, people kill people. That if you put tighter gun control on guns it does not change on how they value human life. That guns are not the problem but the people. Some people might say that guns are a big part of a persons daily life. Especially when it could cost their own life. When a person feels like they are in danger they are most likely to do whatever it takes to make the threat disappear. For example, when someone breaks into your home a gun is very handy for self-defense. Or when you are walking home alone on a late night and feel someone walking or following right behind you. Its a time like this is when a handgun is most convenient. People should have the right to own a handgun for self-defense. If you take away the second amendment you will only take away our sense of safety. That gun control will not decrease the death rates at all but make the mind of a killer more creative. Knives, vehicle attacks, and homemade explosives will do as much damage as a gun would. Gangs are also the cause of gun violence gang violence accounts for half of violent crime inAmerica. There are almost 33,000 active gangs inAmerica. The NRA (National Rifle Association) supported gun control when the Black Panthers in the 1960s of California decided to retaliate against police brutality by patrolling the city with guns. Although Ronald Reagan who was an NRA member passed a bill to ban open carry the bill did apply to everyone in California, but it was mostly directed to the black panthers. The way the Black Panthers viewed the second amendment made them innovators they did not think of the right to bear arms in their home but to protect themselves in the street. Racism is also a reason why people view the second amendment differently. For example, Philando Castile who was only 39 years old was pulled over and shot by officer Jeronimo Yanez within 40 seconds of pulling Philando over he shot Philando 9 times for the possession of a firearm with registration. Witnesses were his 4 year old daughter and his girlfriend Diamond Reynolds. It took 40 seconds to take his life and to traumatize his girlfriends and their daughter as they watched him die. 91 percent of colored people are more targeted than white people. Over 300 million guns are spiraling around america. (Guns In America, By America) Even with tight gun control applying it to everyone is not the best and easy way it would take time to apply the law to everyone. For example if America was to attempt a buyback they would not be able to collect guns from everyone. A buyback is when the original seller buys back their own product. In fact America would most likely only get guns that no one wanted or broken guns. To attempt a buyback with guns would be economically impossible. Australia was able to operate a buyback with guns and payed everyone for returning the guns the only difference is they have a lower percentage of guns in their country, the number of guns they have as of 2017 is 3,573,000. America has 86 times more guns then that.

Summary Example

Essays on Summary Assignment Summary of Howard Mark’s Memo on â€Å"Risk Revisited† Howard Mark has analyzed the risk and its incidence, in depth, while writing this memo to â€Å"Oaktree Clients’. This paper summarizes the memo, briefly, hereunder. Defining risk The memo is related to the risk involved in portfolio management. Writer suggests that the risk and its meaning cannot be detailed in the definite terms. He further records that Risk is different form volatility, when looking at the prospect of permanent loss that is associated with a particular event. While volatility is measurable, the risk is not quantifiable as happening of the related risk is also unpredictable. According to the writer, the permanent loss is different from volatility and fluctuation, as they are temporary in nature and any portfolio holder can overcome such periodic disturbances. However, there is a need for the owner to hold the portfolio for a longer time, until the fluctuation is over. The only quantification of a risk can be through prediction of a fall in portfolio value to the maximum level, under the most unfavorable circumstances. However, prediction of the circumstances and the level of adversity is next to impossible. Hence, the risk associated with such adverse situations cannot be determined in mathematical terms. The author has provided the example of chances for getting rains. The rains may be predictable but the quantity of the water falling down on the region remains unpredictable. Similarly, risks can happen, but the quantity of risk involved in such event is not measurable. .(Marks, nd) Future remains unknown Although many investment mangers and economists may pretend to know the future, in reality no body can predict what is going to happen during next hour or in the near future. While the author justifies such inability to predict future, he has provided the reasons for this belief. Referring to the concept of ‘known unknowns’, the author indicates that we may be knowing that a certain risk can occur, but exact nature of same may remain unknown to us. For example, the implication of change in the government regulations can cause a particular risk to occur with the connected industry, however the nature and affect of such risk is known only after the announcement of policy decision. Then there are unknown risks, which are associated with the events that remain unpredictable. For example, a natural calamity or a man-made disaster like Hiroshima bombing or 9/11 attack were not known or predicted before they occurred.(Marks, nd) Considering that future remains unknowable, investment strategies depend on the present circumstances and event/trends to decide about the future portfolio planning. The author suggests that future can be predicted taking into consideration a number of likelihoods and possibilities, which can help in arriving at the probability distribution of the outcome. The risk is not going to occur if there is an existing knowledge about its occurrence. By nature, risks are unknown. However, risk and reward are related to each other. For example, a portfolio holder can hope to reap more benefits, if he is able to take higher risk. The investment, for those investors who are not prepared to take much risk, is largely safer. Risk may cause permanent loss of whole or partial portfolio value, depending on the amount of risk the holder is prepared to take. Thus, risks can be partial or total, depending on the risk-ward ratio, opted by the holder.(Marks, nd) Works Cited Marks, Howard. (2004). â€Å"Risk Revisited.-- Oaktree Capital management†, Retrieved on Nov. 18, 2014, from: http://writer.academia-research.com/file/get/instr/1160354/file/risk_revisited.pdf Summary Example Essays on Summary Term Paper September 10, Summary: â€Å"Fully Training Your Food and Beverage Staff While Reducing Turnover† The article en dâ€Å"Fully Training Your Food and Beverage Staff WhileReducing Turnover† written by Craig Pendleton disclosed relevant information, specifically common issues and concerns that besiege the food and beverage (FB) department within a casino-based industry. The common problems that were revealed included: (1) the nature of the food and beverage sector being categorized more as service-focused, in contrast to being a profit-based endeavor; (2) the complexity in operations within food and beverage operations which include â€Å"manufacturing, service, marketing and sales† (Pendleton 34); (3) employment preferences select FB positions least due to perception of hard work; (4) personnel hired in FB positions were deemed to lack preferences to undergo traditional classroom approach training; (5) promotions were reported to be based primarily on performance a nd not on leadership ability; (6) trend of high turnover rates associated with FB rendering investments for training futile; (7) lack of understanding by personnel of FB on the mission of the organization (casino); (8) outdated training materials; and (9) lack of knowledge and competencies of HRM staff regarding FB operations. The author recommended the following courses of action to address the identified concerns: (1) explicitly state and communicate the mission and vision statements of the casino to members of the FB department; (2) a more comprehensive training program should be designed to cater to the needs, demands, competencies, and skills of FB staff; (3) HR department should have a personnel who is competent and qualified on FB operations to assist in the design of training materials, programs, and career pathing for its staff; and (4) promotions and performance evaluation should be designed based on standards, as well as abilities and aptitudes (Pendleton). Overall, Pend leton emphasized that the FB department is a crucial part of the operations of a casino. Therefore, to ensure that FB personnel perform in the most effective and efficient manner, proper training and development should be accorded, as consistent with the mission and vision of the organization. Likewise, to address the evident high turnover rate, the personal and professional growth of FB personnel should be aptly taken in due consideration.Work CitedPendleton, Craig. "Fully Training Your Food and Beverage Staff While Reducing Turnover." Indian Gaming (2003): 34-35. http://www.indiangaming.com/istore/May13_Pendleton.pdf. Summary Example Essays on Summary Assignment Summary Task Introduction This work presents a summary of the eighteen - year period of Berkshire Hathaway annual reports (from1995 to 2012). The summary is specifically on the leverage level of the company between the stated periods. This will involve analyses of the company’s capital structure and the potential effects of the identified leverage level on the company’s operations. The summary also covers the portrayed trend in the company’s leverage level between the stated periods. Below are the analyses. The company’s leverage analysis between 1995 and 2012 In the year 1995, the company’s level of debt, according to the period’s financial statement was $ 1,061,700. The figure, as compared to the debt level in 1994, shows an increase of $ 251,000. On the other hand, the company’s equity level in the year 1995 was $ 29,928,800. From the company’s capital structure, it is possible to determine the leverage level, which is as follows (1,061,700/16,738,700) = 6.343%. This means that in the year 1995, 6.343% of the company’s capital structure was debt. Therefore, the leverage level was low. In the year 1996, the outstanding borrowing was 1,944,400 up from 1,061,700 in the previous year. On the other hand, the company’s equity level was 23,457,700. Therefore, the company’s leverage level = (1,944,400/23,457,700) = 8.289%. The increase in the leverage level is due to an increase in the outstanding borrowing in the year 1996. The company’s debt level is still manageable. In the year 1997, the company’s borrowing under investment agreement and other debts was 2,266,700, up from 1,944,400 in the previous year thus, increasing the company’s total debt. The company’s equity level rose from 23,426,300 to 31,455,200. Therefore the leverage level = (2,266,700/31,455,200) = 7.206 %. The gearing ratio has decreased as compared to the previous year. The decrease is attributed to more than proportionate increase in shareholders’ equity (Berkshire Hathaway Inc., n.d.). The year 1998 presents $ 2,385,000 as the borrowing under investment agreements. The figure is up from 2,266,700 of the previous year. Thus, increases the company’s total debt. On the other hand, the company’s total equity stands at 57, 403,000 up from 31,455,000. Using this record, the company’s gearing/leverage level = (2,385,000/57,403,000) = 4.15 %. Consequently, the company’s leverage level has decreased as compared to the previous year. In the year 1999, the company’s borrowings under investment agreement and other debt stands at 2,465,000 up from 2,385,000. This explains the increase in the company’s total debts. On the other hand, the shareholder’s equity for the period stands at 57,761,000 up from 57,403,000. Therefore, the company’s leverage level = (2,465,000/57,761,000) = 4.268 %. This shows an increase in the leverage level as compared to the previous year. In the year 2000, company’s fixed charge capital wa s 2,663,000 up from 2,465,000 in the previous year. This implies an increase in the interest expense. The other component of capital structure, equity, stands at $ 61,724,000 up from 57,761,000 in the previous year. The Berkshire Hathaway’s gearing/leverage level = (2,663,000/61,724,000) = 4.314 %. The figure represents an increase in leverage level as compared to the previous year (Berkshire Hathaway Inc., n.d.). In the year 2001, company’s fixed charge capital was 2,663,000 up from 2,465,000 in the previous year. This implies an increase in the interest expense. The other component of capital structure, equity, stands at $ 61,724,000 up from 57,761,000 in the previous year. The Berkshire Hathaway’s gearing/leverage level = (3,485,000/57,950,000) = 6.014 %. The figure represents an increase in leverage level due to a decrease in total equity and an increase in the company’s borrowings. In the year 2002, the company’s fixed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing increased to $ 28,726,000. There was also a large increase, in the company’s equity shares, to 64,037,000. These events put the company’s gearing level at = (28,726,000/64,037,000) = 44.86 %. The reason behind the increased leverage level is the business expansion plan the company had. Therefore, the leverage level of the company has increased. In the year 2003, the company’s fix ed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing decreased to $ 21,963,000 from $ 28,970,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to 77,596,000. From these data, the companys, gearing level is = (21,963,000/77,596,000) = 28.30 %. The repayment of a portion of the company’s debt (Berkshire Hathaway Inc., n.d) caused the decrease in the leverage level. In the year 2004, the company’s fixed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing decreased to $ 20,408,000 from $ 21,963,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to $ 85,900,000 from 77,596,000 of the previous year. From these data, the companys, gearing level is = (20,408,000/85,900,000) = 23.76 %, which is a decrease due to a decrease in debt and an increase in the total equity. In the financial year 2005, the company’s fixed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing decreased to $ 20,280,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to $ 91,484,000. Therefore, the leverage level of the company is = (20,280,000/91,484,000) = 22.17%. In the financial year 2006, the company’s fixed charge debt and other forms of long-term borrowing decreased to $ 19,387,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to $ 108,419,000. Therefore, the leverage level of the company is = (1 9,387,000/108,419,000) = 17.88%. In the year 2007, the company’s fixed charge debt and other forms of long-term borrowing increased to $ 21,962,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to $ 120,733,000. Therefore, the gearing level of the company is = (21,962,000/120,733,000) = 18.19% (Berkshire Hathaway Inc., n.d.). In the financial year 2008, the company’s fixed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing increased to $ 30,656,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity decreased to $ 109,267,000. Therefore, the leverage level of the company is = (30,656,000/109,267,000) = 28.06%. In the financial year 2009, the company’s fixed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing decreased to $ 26,394,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to $ 135,785,000. Therefore, the leverage level of the company is = (26,394,000/135,785,000) = 19.44%. The leverage level has decreased compared to the previous year. In the financial year 2010, the company’s fixed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing increased to $ 24,016,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to $ 162,934,000. Therefore, the leverage level of the company is = (24,016,000/162,934,000) = 14.74%. In the financial year 2011, the c ompany’s fixed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing increased to $ 25,399,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to $ 168,961,000. Therefore, the leverage level of the company is = (25,399,000/168,961,000) = 15.03%. Lastly, in the financial year 2012, the company’s fixed charge and other forms of long-term borrowing decreased to $ 22,077,000. On the other hand, the company’s shareholder equity increased to $ 191,588,000. Therefore, the leverage level of the company is = (22,077,000/191,588,000) = 11.52 %. The graph below shows the fluctuation in the company’s leverage level between 1995 and 2012 (Berkshire Hathaway Inc., n.d.). Reference Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/reports.html.

African Civilization Free Essays

string(111) " people must take advantage of the rich terrains, reason why some areas are so populated as opposed to others\." Chapter 1 Physical Context of African History: Geography and Environment 1. Although some may think of Africa as being of a single climate and terrain description, in reality a wide variety of land types can be found throughout Africa. How does this wide variety of climates and physical terrains affect human life and settlement patterns on the African continent? Different terrains and climates allowed for different lifestyles for Africans in different regions. We will write a custom essay sample on African Civilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those close to the sea were susceptible to invasion, but had the advantage of maritime trade. Those living more in land were isolated but protected by the diseases visitors would contract that did not affect the locals. Due to the fact that Africa is so massive, it has many different climates and terrain types. Some are more favorable to living conditions for humans and some not so much such as the Sahara Desert. Page Ref: 4-8 Topic: Physical Features of the Continent 2. Despite its large size, much of Africa has a very low population density. What are the reasons that most of Africa’s population is crowded in a few small regions? This is due to the fact that there are a few areas in which the soil is not poor. Areas such as volcanic highlands; in which are cooler and have richer soils, allowing for important crops to grow. Page Ref: 8-9 Topic: Challenges of the African Environment 3. What factors limit the agricultural viability of land in Africa? Why is this seen more in some parts of the continent than in others? Assess how these factors would most likely affect human populations in Africa. There are parts of Africa in which the soil is very poor due to years of inactivity. This makes it harder for farmers to tend and grow crops. Other parts get barely any rain or too much rain. Human population would be more prominent in areas where there is good soil, allowing for the flourishing of society. Page Ref: 9 4. How has the presence of disease in Africa served as both a positive and a negative factor throughout its history? Diseases in Africa served as a positive in that it protected Africans from invasions. Outsiders who tried to invade where not accustom to tropical parts of the Country which carried many diseases. The locals were born in raised in these areas which made them fair better as their immune systems were adapted to these diseases. Page Ref: 9-12 5. There are several primary differences between malaria and yellow fever in terms of their effects on humans. Considering the differences between the two, which disease would have had a greater effect on preventing foreign intervention and advancement in Africa? When supporting your answer, consider the effect these diseases had on indigenous populations as well. Yellow Fever would have the greater effect on preventing foreign invasion. This is true because unlike malaria Africans usually contract yellow fever as kids and become immune to it, unlike outsiders who are not. Malaria is both equally fatal to outsiders as it is to locals, especially cerebral malaria. Page Ref: 9-11 6. Assess the role of trypanosomiasis in the formation of the African economy. Provide specific examples to support your assessment. Trypanosomiasis affected the formation of the African economy by the way it affected animals. Due to the fact that this disease killed many animals, areas in which the disease was prevalent would hurt the local economy. It prevented people in these areas to keep cattle which were important for their livelihoods. Additionally, the fact that this disease was cruel to Horses, the military would be affected as well, due to the sheer importance of horses for military uses. 7. Consider explanations given for the rising number of cases of trypanosomiasis in the recent past. What effects do you feel this increase and the cause behind it would have on life in Africa amongst native populations as well as foreign settlers? As long as there are areas that are depopulated, tsetse flies will begin to redeveloped in these areas. This will cause cattle to die out and affect the local and foreign farmers. Page Ref: 12 8. Despite very similar climates, the histories of Africa and Australia and its surrounding islands have been very different. Consider the theory presented in the text to explain this reality, and assess how it can be applied to North America. This can be applied to North America, due to the fact that as climates and terrains change and diseases take a toll on population, one must adapt with the environment in which we live in. Page Ref: 12-13 Topic: The African Environment in Global Perspective . Consider how Africa’s geography has changed over time. What positive and negative effects would these changes have had on human populations on the continent? As their new homes changed they were able to adapt due to their innovative mindset. This can be attributed to the new found organization thanks to language. Allowing Africans to grow and expand throughout the entire continent. Other factors that can be attributed are the change in geography for some parts such as the Sahara drying out and swamps and lakes disappeared. Page Ref: 4-8 Topic: Physical Features of the Continent 0. Compare African geography to North American geography. Despite any similarities, significant differences exist in agricultural patterns and population density. What are the reasons for these differences, and how do they reflect the uniqueness of Africa? Africa is an extremely big continent and because of this there are many different climates and terrains. North America can fit three times in the continent of Africa. Although North America has a vast set of climates and terrains as well, it does not have to deal with the sheer size of Africa in order to flourish. North America also tends to get an even amount of rain throughout the continent, unlike Africa. In Africa the people must take advantage of the rich terrains, reason why some areas are so populated as opposed to others. You read "African Civilization" in category "Essay examples" Page Ref: 4-8 Chapter 2 Africa and Human Origins 1. How did the theories espoused by biologists such as Carl Linnaeus and Charles Darwin alter previous perceptions of human origins and animal life on earth? What role do you believe these theories had in establishing Africa as the original home of human life on earth? Both Carl and Charles believed that humans adapted from a primates. This way of thinking that humans adapted from a past species due to environmental changes, got the ball rolling on a way of thinking involving evolution. As a result of the remains of a skeleton that was found in Germany that could not be identified. This seemed to give proof to the idea of adaptation. Because the earliest human ancestor specimen remains were found in Africa, gave light to it being the origin of human life on earth. Page Ref: 15-16 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race . Why do paleontologists believe that fossils of creatures such as Australopithecus africanus and Homo erectus are ancestors of modern humans? Do you find this evidence to be credible? Why or why not? I do find the evidence to be credible due to the many similarities between their structure and ours. As we have found through history, that all living things adapt to their environment. We are just a mor e adapted form of these fossils. Page Ref: 16-19 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 3. What effect did the mobility of Homo erectus have on the course of human history? Why is this important, and what does it signal about its role in evolutionary biology? The mobility of Homo erectus allowed for the developments of tools such as the Acheulean. They also were the first to expand into different environments, allowing for expansion and population growth. This affected human history in a great way, because their expansion allowed for the growth and survival of the human race. Page Ref: 18-19 4. What potential flaws do you see with the Multiregional model of human development? Assess the evidence in support of this model. The evidence that an extra evolution only passed through Europe is sketchy. There is nothing to prove that Neanderthals only existed in Europe and nowhere else. All past Homo species eventually evolved into what we are today. That should show us that we are all equal and no race is superior to the other. Page Ref: 19 5. How have paleontological discoveries made within the past few decades contributed to our knowledge about the origins and evolution of modern humans? Were these all in Africa? What might explain this? Through the discovery of the past fossils it gave us proof of human evolution through time. Not all were found in Africa as there was one found in Germany for example. However it appears that the oldest fossils we evolved from are indeed found in Africa. Page Ref: 19-22 Topic: New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 6. How does the â€Å"Out of Africa† model differ from the â€Å"Multiregional model†? What evidence exists to show that one is probably more accurate than the other? The main difference is that in the Out of Africa model; most of the evolution took place in Africa. While in the Multiregional model evolution occurred in isolation in different areas of the world. And additionally, there was an extra evolution step in Europe. Most of the fossil evidence supports the Out of Africa model and most experts agree in that all humans derive from Africa originally. Page Ref: 19, 21-22 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s, New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 7. The issue of race has long been controversial in evolutionary biology and related fields of study. What does the â€Å"Out of Africa† model contribute to the debate on race, and what does it mean for theories on race as a biological construct? This model states that all humans are the same race essentially (African) and it does not matter what color skin we are if the origins all trace back to Africa. The theories of race are only about individuality and social and political classes. At the end of the day everybody is just one race: human. Page Ref: 22 Topic: Questioning Race 8. What is the significance of Neanderthal fossils? How do these differ from other fossils, and how have they contributed to ideas regarding race and racial superiority? Neanderthal fossils are the closest fossils to the human race. They have the closest skull measurements, essentially making them closest to being as smart as humans today. Neanderthals since the 1980’s are considered the end of an evolution for a species that is radically different from modern humans. However, before this determination the Europeans viewed the Neanderthals as an example of racial superiority. Page Ref: 19 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 9. Where do early ideas about race and race specific characteristics originate? What does this signify about Europeans prior to the development of evolutionary biology and related theories regarding the development of racial differences? They originated from the scientist trying to find proof of races superiority over another one. Europeans were trying to justify racial segregation, denial of rights, and colonial rule. Page Ref: 15-16 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race 10. How has the Human Genome Project been used to establish Africa’s place in the story of human origins? What has it revealed, and what does it signify about evolutionary biology and the â€Å"Out of Africa† model? It proved that all human population shares an incredibly close genetic relationship. It also proved that humans lived in Africa longer than any other part of the world. This discovery gives scientific support in that all humans races originate in Africa. Page Ref: 21-22 Topic: New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s How to cite African Civilization, Essay examples